The U.S. Census Bureau announced today that the U.S. population is more urbanized than ever before. In 2000, 79.0% of the population lived in an Urban Area, as defined by the Census Bureau, and in 2010 that number grew to 80.7% of all Americans. While this finding might suggest that Americans are moving into the kinds of urban places featured on this blog – walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of uses in close proximity - the full story is much more nuanced. "Urban" can mean many things.
While the urbanized population grew between 2000 and 2010, the area of land considered urbanized grew by even more. This requires some explanation of the terms. The Census determines two types of Urban Areas, using a complex set of mapping criteria based on neighborhood-scale population density, impervious surfaces, and other factors. There are “Urbanized Areas” of 50,000 people or more, and “Urban Clusters” of 2,500 people or more. These are important geographies because, unlike metropolitan areas or incorporated cities, they are based on the results of the census. They are not arbitrary lines on the map but a description of the facts on the ground.
Before looking at some results, I'd like to note that the minimum density threshold to qualify an area as urban is not all that high. An area must have core Census Tracts with at least 1,000 people per square mile, and the urbanized area can spread out indefinitely as long as there are contiguous areas with 500 people per square mile. It can even "jump" and "hop" over sparsely populated land to continue along a corridor. As a point of reference, a neighborhood of single-family houses on two acres lots would qualify as "urban" under this definition, even considering roadways and other leftover spaces.
Urbanized Areas (the cities, not the towns) increased in population by 13.3% between 2000 and 2010, but they also increased in land area by 18.5%. This means the population density of all Urbanized Areas in the United States dropped by 4.4%. This fact is particularly troubling, because Urbanized Area population densities actually increased by 1.9% between 1990 and 2000 (the methodology for computing urban areas changed considerably between 1990 and 2000, but this number comes from applying the 2000 methodology back to 1990). It’s probably more accurate to say that Americans didn’t become more urbanized in the last decade, but that we witnessed a convergence. The Urban Areas grew, but became less urban in the process.
Of course, the changes in density happened differently throughout the country, and neighborhood-scaled density arranged itself much differently inside each urban area. Here are some top ten lists from the new census geographies. In each case, density is measured in People per Square Mile for the whole Urbanized Area:
Rank
|
Name
|
Population
|
Area
|
Density
|
Change
|
2000
Rank
|
|
1
|
Los Angeles--Long Beach--Anaheim,
CA
|
12,150,996
|
1,736.02
|
6,999
|
(69)
|
1
|
|
2
|
San Francisco--Oakland, CA
|
3,281,212
|
523.62
|
6,266
|
136
|
3
|
|
3
|
San Jose, CA
|
1,664,496
|
285.98
|
5,820
|
(94)
|
4
|
|
4
|
Delano, CA
|
54,372
|
9.92
|
5,481
|
(1,182)
|
2
|
|
5
|
New York--Newark, NY--NJ--CT
|
18,351,295
|
3,450.20
|
5,319
|
10
|
6
|
|
6
|
Davis, CA
|
72,794
|
14.12
|
5,155
|
312
|
8
|
|
7
|
Lompoc, CA
|
51,509
|
10.70
|
4,814
|
3,888
|
487
|
|
8
|
Urban Honolulu, HI
|
802,459
|
170.17
|
4,716
|
56
|
10
|
|
9
|
Woodland, CA
|
55,513
|
12.20
|
4,550
|
(1,095)
|
5
|
|
10
|
Las Vegas--Henderson, NV
|
1,886,011
|
416.84
|
4,525
|
(73)
|
12
|
The California cites remain the densest in the county by this measurement. Either because of water supply, topography, federal land, or local land-use regulations, many these cities have sharp edges that tend to maximize the density of development within the urban boundaries. We see here New York lagging behind LA in urban area density, although, as I've posted before, the average person in NY lives in a neighborhood about two and a half times as dense as the average person in LA. The scale of the density measurement will give different results.
Rank
|
Name
|
Pop
|
Change
|
Area
|
Change
|
Density
|
Change
|
1
|
New Orleans, LA
|
899,703
|
(109580)
|
251.39
|
53.55
|
3,579
|
(1,523)
|
2
|
Delano, CA
|
54,372
|
14860
|
9.92
|
3.99
|
5,481
|
(1,182)
|
3
|
Woodland, CA
|
55,513
|
6345
|
12.20
|
3.49
|
4,550
|
(1,095)
|
4
|
Port Arthur, TX
|
153,150
|
38494
|
105.56
|
59.70
|
1,451
|
(1,049)
|
5
|
Fairfield, CA
|
133,683
|
21237
|
39.46
|
13.64
|
3,388
|
(967)
|
6
|
Grand Forks, ND--MN
|
61,270
|
4697
|
24.44
|
7.68
|
2,507
|
(869)
|
7
|
Lewiston, ME
|
59,397
|
8830
|
35.40
|
14.76
|
1,678
|
(772)
|
8
|
Vallejo, CA
|
165,074
|
6107
|
42.01
|
8.06
|
3,929
|
(753)
|
9
|
Provo--Orem, UT
|
482,819
|
179139
|
168.97
|
83.97
|
2,857
|
(715)
|
10
|
San Luis Obispo, CA
|
59,219
|
5721
|
20.41
|
5.58
|
2,901
|
(706)
|
New Orleans, of course, suffered dramatic population loss in the wake of hurricane Katrina, but note that the city also expanded in land area by about 25% over the decade. New Orleans was the 7th densest Urbanized Area in the country in 2000, right behind New York, but a natural disaster interacting with suburban sprawl has knocked it down to 31st, just ahead of Denver. We could be seeing the results of a different kind of disaster in some of the California cities on this list, many of which were hit hard by foreclosures. Extensive home construction over the decade may have increased the urbanized area without a corresponding increase in people to live in those houses. Provo-Orem, Utah has a much more straight-forward explanation: lots of growth, all spreading outward at very low density.
Top Ten Increases in Density among Urbanized Areas (over 50,000) between 2000 and 2010
Rank
|
Name
|
Population
|
Change
|
Area
|
Change
|
Density
|
Change
|
1
|
Lompoc, CA
|
51,509
|
-4,158
|
10.70
|
-49.40
|
4,814
|
3,888
|
2
|
Sierra Vista, AZ
|
52,745
|
5,804
|
30.28
|
-50.16
|
1,742
|
1,158
|
3
|
Santa Maria, CA
|
130,447
|
10,150
|
29.13
|
-6.42
|
4,478
|
1,094
|
4
|
Victoria, TX
|
63,683
|
2,154
|
29.02
|
-21.99
|
2,194
|
988
|
5
|
Corvallis, OR
|
62,433
|
4,204
|
21.11
|
-7.87
|
2,958
|
948
|
6
|
Madera, CA
|
78,413
|
20,386
|
22.39
|
-0.22
|
3,502
|
936
|
7
|
Lodi, CA
|
68,738
|
-14,997
|
15.91
|
-7.63
|
4,320
|
763
|
8
|
San Diego, CA
|
2,956,746
|
282,310
|
732.41
|
-49.88
|
4,037
|
618
|
9
|
Colorado Springs, CO
|
559,409
|
93,287
|
187.84
|
-9.52
|
2,978
|
616
|
10
|
Lady Lake, FL
|
112,991
|
62,270
|
71.07
|
21.09
|
1,590
|
575
|
Lompoc, CA and Sierra Vista, CA are probably flukes in the counting method. The urban areas for these places in 2000 were very odd, and the 2010 calculations show much more constricted, and probably more accurate, areas. San Diego certainly has a legitimate claim to an increase in density, but the fact that the Camp Pendleton Marine Corp base was dropped from the Urban Area between 2000 and 2010 gives it an artificial boost. The only other big cities to show notable increases in density were Portland, OR (5.6%) and Seattle (6.5%). Although it's just short of making the top ten, the population density of Charlottesville, Virginia grew by 23% over the decade to a respectable 2,672 people per square mile.
Rank
|
Name
|
Population
|
Area
|
Density
|
1
|
Richgrove, CA
|
2867
|
0.29
|
10,016
|
2
|
Parlier, CA
|
14490
|
1.58
|
9,162
|
3
|
Mattawa, WA
|
4988
|
0.62
|
7,985
|
4
|
San Luis, AZ
|
24091
|
3.57
|
6,755
|
5
|
Santa Paula, CA
|
29742
|
4.42
|
6,735
|
6
|
Mountain House, CA
|
9616
|
1.43
|
6,703
|
7
|
Guadalupe, CA
|
7080
|
1.06
|
6,689
|
8
|
Orange Cove, CA
|
9774
|
1.51
|
6,471
|
9
|
Soledad, CA
|
25943
|
4.14
|
6,269
|
10
|
Greenfield, CA
|
16451
|
2.74
|
5,997
|
We can't forget the small towns. California towns with heavy agriculture dominate this list, and with some very high levels of density.
Now we'll leave population behind, and look just at the increasing amount of land used for human habitation.
Top Ten Urbanized Areas (over 50,000) with Greatest Increase in Area between 2000 and 2010
Rank
|
Name
|
Area
|
Change
|
% Change
| ||
1
|
Atlanta, GA
|
2,645.35
|
682.77
|
34.79
| ||
2
|
Dallas--Fort Worth--Arlington, TX
|
1,779.13
|
372.09
|
26.45
| ||
3
|
Houston, TX
|
1,660.02
|
364.75
|
28.16
| ||
4
|
Phoenix--Mesa, AZ
|
1,146.57
|
347.56
|
43.50
| ||
5
|
Chicago, IL--IN
|
2,442.75
|
319.94
|
15.07
|
||
6
|
Charlotte, NC--SC
|
741.49
|
306.58
|
70.49
| ||
7
|
Austin, TX
|
523.03
|
204.90
|
64.41
|
||
8
|
Raleigh, NC
|
518.14
|
198.53
|
62.11
| ||
9
|
San Antonio, TX
|
597.10
|
189.54
|
46.51
|
||
10
|
Philadelphia, PA--NJ--DE--MD
|
1981.37
|
181.86
|
10.11
|
Maps of some selected urbanized areas paint a picture of the bookends of urban change over the decade:
Dark purple = in 2000 and 2010 urban areas
Light purple = new for 2010
Atlanta had the greatest expansion of urban land over the decade, with no less than 683 square miles of growth.
Charlotte had the fastest population growth of any urbanized area, but the expansion of land was even faster at a 70% rate of growth.
After several decades of rapid expansion, the Phoenix-Mesa urbanized area increased by another 43% between 2000 and and 2010. Atlanta had much more growth and Charlotte had a much higher growth rate, but Phoenix held it's own on both measures, perhaps adding more ammunition to those who consider this desert oasis to be the world's least sustainable city.
It was a surprise to me to see the older Philadelphia ranked as an expanding urbanized area.
The urbanized area of Austin kept pace with Dallas-Fort Worth and Houston in terms of total land growth. But it's rate of land expansion was far higher than the large Texas metropolises.
And now for some more positive news:
Dark blue = in both 2000 and 2010 urban areas
Grey = new for 2010
Light blue = in 2000, but not 2010 urban areas
All of the Bay Area urbanized areas held steady on expansion, and the urban area even shrunk in Marin County and some spots in Silicon Valley. Population growth in San Francisco-Oakland was not particularly strong, but the San Jose urbanized area grew by a moderate 8.2% over the decade.
Colorado Springs is an especially interesting case. The urbanized population grew by an impressive 21% over the decade with very minimal expansion of its footprint.
This decade will remain very tricky to characterize as a whole, because of the sharp divide in development rates that struck in 2008. Because the census was taken in April of 2010 and construction always lags behind financing, most of the growth shown here probably represents the pre-recession reality of homebuilding and commercial expansion. We only have such thorough snapshots of urban growth once per decade, so discerning the future, in this case, may come down to reading between the lines.
127 comments:
Daniel, I find the San Francisco area map fascinating. I would love to know why some communities show a lot of light blue areas. Take a look at Novato in the north in Marin Co., for example, which is directly across the bay from Vallejo CA, one of the country's highest foreclosure hot zones. (According to RealtyTrac.com, in Feb 2012, the ave. foreclosure rate there was 1 to every 129 homes, compared with Novato's 1:365). Yet Vallejo shows growth whereas Novato shows dramatic contraction. Limiting land area expansion there might be creating are more resilient housing market. I'm unfamiliar with both communities, so I don't know if I'm comparing apples to oranges but the distinction is worth taking a look at!
Just doing some snooping on the web to attempt to find out what is going on in Novato. Apparently, Novato adopted a General Plan way back in 1996 which created urban limits. (This is quite pertinent to your recent review of Lasting Value.) The plan has a strong preservationist focus. Here are the first six goals of the plan, for example:
1. Preserve and improve the quality of life in Novato. Conserve and where appropriate restore the natural environment and strive for high quality in the built environment that complements
the natural environment.
2. Retain and promote the small town character of Novato including preservation of the historic
features and landmarks.
3. Keep Novato relatively compact in physical size by establishing firm urban limit lines. Provide areas where land uses, densities and intensities create a gradual transition from the developed suburban area to the surrounding rural area. Coordinate with the County to maintain rural land uses within the Novato sphere of influence.
4. Maintain and revitalize Downtown Novato as the heart of the community.
5. Preserve, protect and enhance the natural setting throughout the community, including creeks, hillsides, ridgelines, woodlands, wildlife, native plants, wetlands and open space.
6. Preserve bay front lands and diked wetlands for agriculture, resource restoration, conservation and recreation.
Etc...
Getting to the riddle of how it is managing to contract, I note that the description of the Hanna Ranch Mixed Use Development claims "55% of the site (primarily the hillside area) will remain unimproved and that area will be restored to its natural state". When you are taking areas that were previously low-density and converting them to more compact developments setting aside areas for preservation, I can see how an urbanized area could be showing an overall contraction.
It would make sense that a shift toward more preservation may cause the urban area to contract. It would be really interesting if this was the case, and would certainly validate Novato's General Plan. My guess is that most of the growth around Vallejo happened pre-2008.
I have more experience with Charlottesville, and our Urban Area did shrink a little this decade, area-wise not in population. Some of that was due to strong growth controls in Albemarle Co., but, to be honest, some of the decrease was just an aberration in the data. For example, our airport used to be considered one huge census block in 2000, and that whole block was included in the UA. The block was broken up into several smaller pieces for the 2010 census, and only a few of those were in - most of the pieces were out. This happened on a couple of other occasions as well.
I have more experience with Charlottesville, and our Urban Area did shrink a little this decade, area-wise not in population. Some of that was due to strong growth controls
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هل تعانون من ضيق الوقت و انشغالكم الذى يعيق تنظيفكم لمنازلكم ، وإهدار الكثير من الأموال على المنظفات و أدوات النظافة التي لا تصل للنتائج الجيدة والكاملة للنظافة ، هل بالرغم من حرصكم على سلامة أسرتكم لا تستطيعون توفير بيئة نظيفة صحية ، هل اتساع المكان يمثل عبء عليكم أثناء التنظيف ولا تستطيعون الوصول لكافة أرجاء المنزل ، هل تريدون شركات للتنظيف تثقوا فى خدماتها وأمانة عملها واحترافية ومن أجل حرصنا على نيل ثقتكم الغالية ، وعملنا على إظهار نتائج تامة صحيحة جيدة لنظافة منازلكم فهذا ما تقوم به شركة تنظيف بالجبيل فهي شركة لديها العاملة الكافية لتنظيف اى مكان سواء كان مؤسسة او شركة او فلل كما اننا نقوم ايضا بتنظيف الشقق والمنازل بجميع محتوياتهم من سجاد ومنب ومجالس وميع المفروشات شركة تنظيف ينبع نقوم دائما بكل ما هو مميز فى عالم التنظيف لذلك اصبحنا من افضل الشركات على مستوى المملكة لاننا نستخدم افضل انواع المنظفات التى تحافظ على المفروشات والاثاث شركة تنظيف بالقطيف ولاننا دائما نتميز بكل ما هو جديد فى عالم التنظيف ذلم بفضل اطلاعنا المستمر على احدث الوسائل والطرق المتبعة فى التنظيف
شركة مكافحة حشرات بابها تعرض لكم بالتفصيل ما تستطيع أن تخدمكم به فى القضاء على الحشرات ،أن شركة مكافحة حشرات بالخبر عندما تتعاملوا معها ستجدون أنكم تتعاملوا مع ذوى الخبرة والتخصص في مجال مكافحة الحشرات .
تستخدم شركة مكافحة حشرات بالقصيم فريق عمل لا يقل في حرفتيه وتخصصه عن أفضل المستويات العالمية ، ويعمل على أداء خدمات المكافحة بكل حرفية شركة مكافحة حشرات بالقطيف لديها افضل انواع الرش للقضاء نهائيا على الحشرات بكافة انواعها حيث انننا قمنا بدراسة كل حشرة على حدى وماهو المبيد الحشرى الاصلح للقضاء علينا لذلك اصبحا افضل شركة مكافحة حشرات بالجبيل بفضل خبراتنا على المدى الطويل واجتهادنا فى عملنا لا تنتظر كثيرا فنحن فى انتظار استقبال مكالماتكم خلال ال24 ساعة
شركة نقل عفش بينبع لدينا افضل طقم عمالة مدربة ومجهزة لنقل جميع انواع الاثاث بكل دقة وحرفة متناهية حتى لا بلحق اى اضرار بالعفش او الاثاث الخاص بالعميل نحن داما نتميز عن الاخرون
شركة كشف تسريبات المياه بينبع
تتميز بامتلاكها افضل انواع الاجهزة التى تقوم بارشادانا على مكان التسرب دون داعى لاى كسر داخل المنزل ف
شركة كشف تسريبات المياه بالجبيل
لديها احدث جهاز كشف تسريبات بالمملكة نستطيع من خلال التعرف على مكان التسرب من خلال حدوث اهتزازات وبعض الذبذبات التى من خلال نعرف المكان الصحيح وبذلك فان
شركة كشف تسريبات المياه بالخبر
تعتبر الافضل على مستوى المملكة فى اكتساف مكان التسرب وهذا يتم من خلال خبراء فعند اتصالك ب
شركة كشف تسريبات المياه بالاحساء
نقوم بارسال المندوب الخاص بنا والكشف على مكان التسرب ثم ارسال العمال لصيانة التسري وممعالجته فى اسرع وقت وباقل سعر
انت مع
خدمات مكة
فى امان باذن الله
Thanks for sharing the list of these urbanized areas.
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Population will definitely increase in these urban areas.
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